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Zhang Guotao
Zhang Guotao (November 26, 1897 – December 3, 1979) was a founding member and important leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and bitter rival to Mao Zedong. During the 1920s he studied in the Soviet Union and became a key contact with the Comintern and organized the CCP labor movement in the United Front with the Guomindang. In 1931, after the Party had been driven from the cities, he established the E-Yu-Wan Soviet. When his armies were driven from the region, he joined the Long March but lost a contentious struggle for party leadership to Mao Zedong. Zhang's armies then took a different route from Mao's and were badly beaten by local forces in Gansu. When his depleted forces finally arrived to join Mao in Yan'an, Zhang continued his losing challenge to Mao, and left the party in 1938. Zhang eventually retired to Toronto, Canada, and became a Christian shortly before his death in 1979. His memoirs provide valuable and vivid information on his life and party history.〔"Chang Kuo-t'ao," Donald W. Klein Anne B. Clark, ''Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921–1965'' (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), Volume I pp. 38–43.
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==Early and student life==
Born in Pingxiang County, Jiangxi, Zhang was involved in revolutionary activities during his youth. Zhang studied Marxist thought under Li Dazhao while attending Peking University in 1916. After his active role in the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Zhang became one of the most prominent student leaders and later joined the early organization of the CCP in October 1920. At the same time, Mao Zedong was a librarian working at Peking University, whom were acquainted with each other.〔Schiller, Bill. "The man who could have been Mao", ''The Toronto Star'', Sep 26, 2009 () .〕〔Short, Philip. Mao: A Life. New York: John Macrae / Owl Book, 2001. Print.〕 Zhang acted as the CCP's top party official at the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1921〔 and was elected a member of the Central Bureau of the CCP in charge of organizing the work of Professional revolutionaries. After the congress, Zhang held the position of Director of Secretariat of the China Labor Union and Chief Editor of ''Labor Weekly'', from which he became an expert in labor unions and mobilization. He led several major strikes of railway and textile workers,〔 which made him a pioneer of the labor movement in China along with such figures as Liu Shaoqi and Li Lisan.
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